This talk explores how 19th- and 20th-century Muslim reformers navigated colonial modernity while grappling with two models of religious authority: charismatic and exemplary. In this talk, Professor Purohit will examine Weberian concepts of charisma and rationalization to show how the charismatic model sparked power struggles and sectarian divisions, shaping the modernist reform movement. The session will also offer reflections on how the charismatic paradigm opens up a porous space for Imam Ali’s (A.S.) devotion that captivates a broad spectrum of devotees among Muslims, but also Sikhs and Hindus.